The Geneva Conventions have been ratified by all States and are universally applicable. In the two decades that followed the adoption of the Geneva Conventions, the world witnessed an increase in the number of non-international armed conflicts and wars of national liberation.
In response, two Protocols Additional to the four Geneva Conventions were adopted in They strengthen the protection of victims of international Protocol I and non-international Protocol II armed conflicts and place limits on the way wars are fought.
Protocol II was the first-ever international treaty devoted exclusively to situations of non-international armed conflicts. In , a third Additional Protocol was adopted creating an additional emblem, the Red Crystal, which has the same international status as the Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems.
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And, continues to protect people? The new updates stated all prisoners must be treated with compassion and live in humane conditions. It also laid out rules for the daily lives of prisoners and established the International Red Cross as the main neutral organization responsible for collecting and transmitting data about prisoners of war and the wounded or killed.
As a result, the Geneva Conventions were expanded in to protect non-combatant civilians. According to the American Red Cross , the new articles also added provisions to protect:. Article 9 of the Convention specified the Red Cross has the right to assist the wounded and sick and provide humanitarian aid.
Article 12 stipulated the wounded and sick must not be murdered, tortured, exterminated or exposed to biological experiments. The Geneva Conventions of also laid out rules for protecting wounded, sick or shipwrecked armed forces at sea or on hospital ships as well as medical workers and civilians accompanying or treating military personnel.
Some highlights of these rules are:. Male and female prisoners of war received expanded protections in the Convention of such as:. Articles were also put in place to protect wounded, sick and pregnant civilians as well as mothers and children. It also stated civilians may not be collectively deported or made to work on behalf of an occupying force without pay. All civilians should receive adequate medical care and be allowed to go about their daily lives as much as possible.
Protocol I increased protections for civilians, military workers and journalists during international armed conflicts. According to the Red Cross, Protocol II was established because most victims of armed conflicts since the Convention were victims of vicious civil wars.
This Convention protects wounded and infirm soldiers and medical personnel who are not taking active part in hostility against a Party. It ensures humane treatment without discrimination founded on race, color, sex, religion or faith, birth or wealth, etc. To that end, the Convention prohibits torture , assaults upon personal dignity, and execution without judgment Article 3.
It also grants the right to proper medical treatment and care. This agreement extended the protections described in the first Convention to shipwrecked soldiers and other naval forces, including special protections afforded to hospital ships. One of the treaties created during the Convention, this defined "Prisoner of War," and accorded such prisoners proper and humane treatment as specified by the first Convention.
Specifically, it required POWs to give only their names, ranks, and serial numbers to their captors. Nations party to the Convention may not use torture to extract information from POWs. Under this Convention, civilians are afforded the same protections from inhumane treatment and attack afforded to sick and wounded soldiers in the first Convention.
Further, additional regulations regarding the treatment of civilians were introduced. Specifically, it prohibits attacks on civilian hospitals, medical transports, etc. It also specifies the rights of internees POWs and saboteurs. Finally, it discusses how occupiers are to treat an occupied populace. The signing Nations agreed to further restrictions on the treatment of "protected persons" according to the original Conventions, and clarification of the terms used in the Conventions was introduced.
Finally, new rules regarding the treatment of the deceased, cultural artifacts, and dangerous targets such as dams and nuclear installations were produced. In this Protocol, the fundamentals of "humane treatment" were further clarified. Additionally, the rights of interned persons were specifically enumerated, providing protections for those charged with crimes during wartime. It also identified new protections and rights of civilian populations.
Adopted in to add another emblem, the "red crystal," to the list of emblems used to identify neutral humanitarian aide workers. Toggle navigation Donate. Search Search. The Geneva Conventions and their Commentaries The Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols form the core of international humanitarian law, which regulates the conduct of armed conflict and seeks to limit its effects.
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